| Carbon Tax: The Axis of Sustainability in the Era of Climate Change 1- Prof. Dr. Ali Mehdinia, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS), Iran. Email: mehdinia@inio.ac.ir 2-Shirin Hosseinipour, PhD Student, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS), Iran. Email: shirinhosseinipour.env@gmail.com |
| 1- Introduction The issue of climate change today constitutes one of the greatest challenges that demand action from the states, businesses, and societies. Global warming and its moderate consequences such as the upsurge in the number of natural disasters, calls for bitter policies on emission control. One of the strategies to deal with this problem is to interject carbon in a consumable fuel, which has a cost depending on the amount of carbon contained in the fuel, this is known as a carbon tax. The purpose of a carbon tax is not to raise revenues but rather to impose a voluntary cost on radiation. This economic signal encourages businesses and households to switch to cleaner sources of energy. The structure of carbon taxation can vary significantly across different sectors, with factors such as tax rates, covered sectors, and methods of utilizing tax revenue impacting the final price. This paper explores the concept and importance of carbon taxes as an important vehicle in the fight against global warming [1]. The emergence of the need to limit global average temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Centigrade from pre-industry figures would call for immediate and steep reductions of greenhouse gas emissions in the opinion of IPCC [2]. The most important means to attain the above goal is believed to be the carbon tax, which is meant to increase the cost of fossil fuels and encourage people and companies to switch to cleaner energy [3]. It has been shown that while the effects of a strong carbon tax on missions can be great, thus showing the countries which engaged in it have cut more from their respective carbon footprints than the countries which did not, [4] people these days tend to favour carbon capturing mechanisms. Moreover, the application of carbon taxes would create also, likely sizeable, proceeds, giving the opportunity for the governments to channel such funds into renewing their power infrastructure and helping those affected by such tax [5]. the countries that impose carbon taxes are not only environmentally friendly but also cost-effective. Tout au contraire, since 1991, Sweden has been charging its citizens a fee on carbon emissions, however, the country managed to decrease the amount of emissions yet the economy was growing. In today’s world, arguing against supporting a carbon tax as a theoretical framework is notable since many nations must adopt this economic policy due to the burden of increased costs associated with natural calamities resulting from climate change. It follows therefore that in addition to the need for carbon taxation in curbing the worrying levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere as well as achieving the climate agenda, such measures are very critical in avoiding the extinction of mankind within the coming generations [6]. 2- Background and Pioneering Countries Carbon tax is recognized as a key tool for addressing climate change globally. Initially designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it has gradually become an important policy in many countries. The first carbon tax focused on the energy sector, applied indirectly in fuel pricing based on the carbon content of the fuel [7]. Reports indicate that by 2024, approximately 70% of carbon tax and emissions trading schemes will be operational, covering about 24% of global greenhouse gas emissions [8]. International agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, have significantly influenced the adoption of carbon taxes and emphasized the need for effective actions by countries to limit global warming [9]. Revenue from carbon taxes can be used for sustainable development projects and support for affected communities. However, challenges such as economic impacts on fossil fuel-dependent industries and social concerns for low-income groups remain [10]. Countries like Finland and Sweden, which implemented carbon taxes in 1991, have set examples for others. This tax has proven effective in reducing emissions while maintaining economic growth. Following Switzerland’s introduction of a carbon tax in 2008, other European countries like Australia and Japan began to adopt similar measures. By 2010, carbon tax was already adopted by a number of countries including South Africa, Mexico and, evolutionary later, Chile. In recent circumstances, Singapore became the first country in Southeast Asia to implement a carbon tax in January of this year. There was also a burden imposed on GHG emissions associated with Fossil Fuel in Ireland in the year of 2010. In the last couple of years, Singapore’s carbon tax was first fixed at $5 a metric ton of CO2 emission and it is expected to go up to $25 in the year 2024, aiming to achieve $50 – $80 a metric ton by the year 2030. This initiative gives a price signal and gives a reason for businesses and individuals to cut down their carbon emissions as per the climate change ambitions of the country [13]. In the same manner, Ireland embraced a carbon tax starting 2010 budget where it was first proposed at €15 per CO2 unit but revised to €20 by 2020 with plans of setting it at €100 by the year 2030. In the process of continuing policy changes comes a realization of the need to put in place well-articulated mechanisms, which not only impose taxes, but also encourage and provide for investments in low carbon infrastructure. Such actions can help in cutting down on the emissions of gasses which are dangerous to the environment, and also in assisting in development objectives [14]. 3- The Advantages and Disadvantages of Carbon Tax Several political factions have polemics on the impact of carbon tax on the energy and environment policies of nations, both for and against. However, carbon tax can significantly impact the use and consumption of energy resources, especially for countries with energy-intensive industries. It may have both negative and positive effects on the economy, industry, and social welfare of these countries, which need to be identified and analyzed [15]. 3-1 Advantages of Carbon Tax Prevention of Greenhouse Gases Emissions: Greenhouse gas emissions are reduced by carbon tax by making individuals and industries pay for the costs of the activities they conduct that are otherwise not accounted for. Shifting consumers and producers towards the low-carbon alternatives is accomplished by imposing a tax on their high carbon activities. Studies indicate that a well implemented carbon tax, over time would lead to a reduction in emissions, for example in Sweden, where carbon pricing practice has managed to brought down greenhouse gases emissions by 20% since its introduction in the country in 1991 [16]. Promotion of Investments in Clean Energy: Carbon taxes stimulate spending on renewable energy technologies. When any fossil fuel energy source is taxed, other sources, especially solar and wind energy become more attractive. This not only speeds up the clean energy transition but also encourages innovation and jobs in the green economy. the example of British Columbia, which has adopted carbon pricing, has seen more investments towards clean technologies and clean infrastructure [17]. Tax Revenues for National Governments: Carbon taxes are also meaning of income for the governments and are appropriated to various investment programs. Such moneys can be used to promote environmental conservation, fund alternative energy sources projects or be issued back to the public through rebates. For instance, the Canadian federal government returns about 90% of carbon tax revenues to households, helping to alleviate the financial burden on low-income groups. Additionally, this revenue can be used to reduce other taxes, potentially stimulating economic growth [18]. 3-2 Drawbacks and Challenges of Carbon Tax Economic Effects and Impact on Behaviors of the Industries that Use Fossil Fuels as Source of Energy: The imposition of a carbon tax could have a lot of negative impacts to economic sectors that heavily depend on fossil fuels. For instance, there are projections that certain industries may incur losses and as such cause layoffs within these industries due to imposition of carbon taxes. In addition, the prices of goods and services are likely to increase since the operational costs may go up and be transferred to the end user. This impact raises issues with respect to competition especially for those industries which are energy-intensive operating in the international market [16]. Identification of Social and Economic Issues for Less Affluent Households: In theory, as revenue will be collected and filtered to low-income communities, such taxes in reality will be more burdensome to the said communities. This is because energy prices will shoot first before any intervention like maintenance of low-income subsidies. Without such measure low-income households will suffer as they will not be able to afford the increased prices for goods and services particularly those produced using carbon fuels [18]. Problems of International Coordination and Difficulties in Execution: Adopting a carbon tax, depends on the agreement among countries. Otherwise, if some countries tax CO2 emissions while others do not, there will be “carbon leakage” as companies will move away to those countries that do not have a carbon tax. This scenario undermines global efforts to reduce emissions and complicates domestic policy implementation. Additionally, accurately measuring emissions and determining appropriate tax levels pose serious challenges for governments [19]. 4- Successful Strategies for Government Management of Carbon Tax Revenues It is evident that several countries across the globe have adopted carbon tax policy to diminish greenhouse gas emissions and support the projects that protect the environment. A number of possible approaches is available in regard with the revenue from this tax within the economy and its society at large which can be constantly positive and negative influences on the economy. One of these approaches is the implementation of tax shift packages. In this approach, other types of taxes, such as income tax, are reduced to prevent increased tax burdens on different segments of society. This not only leads to changes in producer and consumer behavior but also increases the prices of goods that harm the environment during their production or consumption processes. On the other hand, reducing income tax creates new job opportunities. Finland has adopted this approach for its carbon tax revenues; the income collected through carbon tax is distributed within its government budget while reducing income tax to offset the increased taxation. This policy not only helps maintain economic balance but also increases public satisfaction and support for households. Sweden has also used revenue from carbon tax to lower taxes on workers, which has contributed to increased employment and improved household economic conditions. These types of approaches highlight the importance of considering the social and economic impacts of environmental policies and can serve as a model for other countries to ensure sustainable economic growth while simultaneously reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the effective use of carbon tax revenues [20] The income earned from carbon taxes can also be diverted by governments towards green projects and renewable energy. Such measures are aimed at curbing global warming and enhancing economic development. While such investment aids in ecological conservation, it can also facilitate creation of jobs and enhance economies. For example, countries can source energy from non-polluting energy sources like solar and wind without negatively affecting the surrounding ecosystems. These kinds of projects usually call for specialized trained work and such new job prospects can be available in engineering, construction, and even maintenance. Also, green projects tend to uplift local facilities and services as well as the general appeal and standard of living. For example, building more green areas and parks can help treat air pollution but it also supports the psychological stability and interaction of people. Costs can be cut down as well through allocating resources towards energy storage equipment and smart grid systems. Furthermore, these actions help diversify the economy away from fossil fuels while improving the degree of energy supply self-reliance [21]. Another way to utilize carbon tax revenue would be to help support low-income families. This particular fund can help lessen the burden on the low-income families whenever there is a spike in price such as energy prices easing income inequality and enhancing the living standards of these families during energy crises [22]. Besides, the state can use this revenue for purposes of clearing the budget deficits, and also to support other programs in the public sector. This action can contribute to economic sustainability and better financial resource management. Specifically, utilizing revenue from carbon tax to reduce budget deficits allows governments to meet their financial commitments while continuing to provide essential public services such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure. This is particularly important during times of economic crisis or rising public costs [23]. Conclusion and Discussion Exacerbating climate change makes a strong case for a carbon tax being introduced. In these instances, the effect of greenhouse gas emission is internalized hence the issuance of a carbon tax has the economic incentive for the energy users to switch over greener forms of energy. The examples from Sweden, Finland or Singapore show how well though out carbon taxes can be implemented effectively without hindering economic development while cutting greenhouse gas emissions. These tax revenues can be used to help low-income voters, provide investments in environmental projects, and lower other taxes helping the economy and fairness in society. The copy does mention possible difficulties like the economic effects on industries based on fossil fuels and the sociological concerns of low-class strata, but prudent policy-making and global engagement can help from these problems arising. The efficiency of the carbon tax regulation can be analyzed according to the rate of the tax, the structure of this index across the economy as well as the how the tax payers’ money is used. As it goes up fossil fuels prices, carbon tax is aimed at decreasing greenhouse gases emissions and therefore promotes cleaner energy sources. On the other hand, difficulties arise because it can cause unemployment in some sectors and might cause raising prices in particular low-income households. To resolve these concerns, revenue erosion can be accompanied with other tax cuts, spend on the displaced groups or funneled into green projects by the government. International coordination is very important especially when it comes to carbon policy so that there is no loss of market shares (carbon leakage) or any other measures that would contravene emission reductions, come into place in countries that have no carbon pricing. The Earmarking of carbon tax revenues for public investment or for deficit reduction. References: [1] A. Köppl and M. Schratzenstaller, “Carbon taxation: A review of the empirical literature,” J. Econ. Surv., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 1353–1388, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1111/joes.12531. [2] H. Lee et al., “IPCC, 2023: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report, Summary for Policymakers. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.,” 2023, Accessed: Oct. 14, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/17886/ [3] Y. Chang, Y. Tian, G. Li, and J. 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Yue, “Sensitivity analysis of key factors influencing carbon prices under the EU ETS,” Pol J Env. Stud, vol. 30, no. 4, p. 3645, 2021. [23] Carbon taxes as part of the fiscal solution | 10 | Implementing a US C.” Accessed: Oct. 15, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315747682-10/carbon-taxes-part-fiscal-solution-william-gale-samuel-brown-fernando-saltiel |
| Sustainable Cosmos Dr .AMBIKA HANCHATE Karnataka , INDIA SDG Ambassador Email: ambikahanchate55@gmail.com |
| We all human beings include many creatures on this earth living on this planet rather than other planets in this universe .Do you know why ? Because only on this planet we have all sufficient basic features to lead a life with water ,air ,food , education ,health ,energy ,economical ways ,shelter ,clothes etc . Even myths also says ” Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam “, that means we all are one family ” even can call it gender equality .don’t think that to where my words are connecting ,of course it’s reaching the same point of sustainable development goals (SDG) . “Where there is a unitenss ,peace globe will begin Where there is the education ,gender equality will begin Where there is respect (sanskar) , beliveness will begin . SDG is not only a blueprint to achieve the 17 SDGs goals .It is our prime duty , responsibility ,until we can’t put a volunteer step hence we can’t create a perfect /indeed SDG ‘ Globe. Then how to deal with this in the theme of SDG’s ,let me explain in my point of view / as I know . Introducing about SDG’s in brief No poverty: UN has interconnected 2030 Agendas ,whiCh means it targeting to decrease the level of poverty line and along with UN ,many of poverty programme by other organisations are doing well ,as per the survey their is 3% target hit on to decrease but can’t reach out more ,even people are flowing from the extreme poverty without having basic needs too . Zero Hunger : to fulfilling the tummy ,we all are working .But it’s raising globally cause of many facts in there unemployment ,lack of humanity ,corruption etc .Overall million people are affected and dying from the malnutrition in many of countries Good health and well being : As we know health is wealth ,and it is our happiness ,activity ,having a well nutritions food but really is it enough to have good health ? No .As a volunteer we should raise the voice to give awareness about TB ,cancer ,aids , covid19 like many complex diseases which really need to be made free from the globe. Quality education ” media took is universal right that’s why many countries adapted under constitutional level and planned in various levels to achieve Zero illiteracy by providing all kinds of sources. Also we are back to reaching the goal, we are unable to afford well infrastructures for learning . Gender equality : equaliness between the male and female in all fields ,salary ,properties etc are must be needed ,it’s a human rights too in the universal .and one of the main heart centre goal in the SDGs ,but still we are facing many critical phases are in political ,social norms , blind belief, and other structural issues etc, so that we are not reaching fully toward what the UN has a goal on . Clean water and sanitation :very close thing we should know to first that is we are in endangered because if the environmental issue ,decreasing of surface water level ,deforestation ,mining , unbalancing nature system etc but targeting sanitation and safe water for all is the main theme that’s why every year in many occasion all kind government body’s ,instructions ,school ,colleges are made campaigns and many activities . “If earth is wet ,we alive ,otherwise we will be dry without drop “ Affordable and clean energy : the whole universe is planted from the energy ,scientifically it’s true too ,every single object has its own energy itself .And this drives the whole universe ,then how could we imagine our life without energy ? There is many type sources are on earth in there some of renewable and some of not ,but still 800 millions are lack to use from the electricity ,so we have to invest on this to achieve the goal .But how ?With a doing these little actions : “Switch off the lights while no use ,use LED bulbs instead of consuming electricity ,taught to people ,aware them.etc Decent work and economic growth : here employment and economic level are emphasise to grow towards the Nation development .And off course without that it’s very critical to handle anything and the decent work meant here No pay gaps in between gender payment ,create opportunities ,before to stand up with the new startup in the economical zone ,there should be the green think to be tagged for go Green etc . Industry ,innovation and infrastructure : those all are becoming a great stamina standard for the global development goals in all ways for the transport , communication Link’s will be connect from one to another nation ,innovations will build strong empowering young generations with technically and scientifically overall it’s playing vital role in the SDGs Reduced inequalities : the title only describes about the inequalities ,it should not be involved in the any kind sectors especially in income and power category .without making disappropriate , discrimination ,guiltiness and look of the barriers we should not measure .With better investment and share focus must be drive to reach the goals . Sustainable cities and communities : This goal addresses the situation of slums and arranges their transport ,education ,basic necessities , cleanness ,clean and waste management etc topics will be covered but many surveys and data are proved that the urban areas are growing faster than the pollution themselves, hence relevant Consequences have arrived. Responsible consumption and production : Food to all and all for the production that means whatever the globe has been produce by the industries on this earth or may it providing by the nature ,we all are equally right holders to have it ,but our over extrication of resources ,waste distribution ,degradation of resources are highly making responsible us to reach this goal . “Without production -No consumption Without managing balanced nature -No lives “ Climate action :Climate action :it is one of the very important actions and everyone’s question about living for fresh air . it’s not a notice board alert goal it’s our awareness danger alert goal too ,without negligence we should start the work on it . ,because We all know day to day how we are polluting air ,water and everything by ruining our ozone layer simultaneously ,despite the media coverage we must work against this to control greenhouse emission, climate action etc. In the Paris agreement ,suggesting a revitalized course to achieve the goal (signed back in 2016)and drastic action is still required to mitigate all clients related issues. Life below water : specifically related to life under the sea ,topics covered for conserving sea related food ,how to sustainable oceans ,and marine resources this goal stand for completely of overfishing ,floods and impacts of ocean creatures generation .How universal organizational bodies are working for save towards wild animals for their life progress to coming generation like that in the oceans many Microorganisms are living so we have to achieve to save them as voluntarily and many’s are doing so well . Life on land : this goal include the topic of agriculture and biodiversity ,day to day a new factory ,companies and real estate are landing on the land with deforestation by this cause our crop yielding are being less with using of more chemicals ,malnutrition are happening ,overall it’s cleaning/cut off land greenness .And another side wild animals poaching ,animal extinctions are making our life difficulty and our ecosystem too imbalanced . Peace ,justice and strong institutions: SDGs one of the main goals to promote peace globally ,say No WAR ,this goal can’t be reached overnight . possible only by the consistency of work by hand to hand . international homicides, child sex ,human trafficking ,child labour ,domestic violence so many topics will be covered under this goal .Yet to be achieving this goal by volunteer.. everywhere to self educate and awake to others ,and I am proud to say as I international ambassador peace I am happy to giving my promoting work by the blogging or positing work . Anyhow it’s a very large and deepest goal let’s all do together . Partnership for the goals : It’s all about to say that how to achieve all SDG goals ,by partnership ,fundraising , and innovatives ,may many off private organisations and multinational companies are donating towards to reach this goal as took a part in the CSR .And it’s best way to get engage with other partnerships to breaking the issues chains as well jointing the SDGs goal with many of exports ,scholars talk ,writers etc .It’s massive amalgamation of wonders to reach the goal . Conclusion Overall each goal has set its own framework in the way with a different step in the 2030 agenda . for what the reason, UN set’s this body in 2015 by UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY ,we all must be stand-up with those goal activities .By active partness , involving as self interest ,contributing some of our time ,donating as possible for the food program ,conducting campaigns ,and giving a little patience with peace to the SDGs 17 .Sure ,one day we reach our goals. if not all ,at least in some. SDG is not only a mission .It’s mankind’s vision for healthy life to each one in the globe . SDG, is not only a step to making for the greatest globe , it’s a heroism of humanity . SDGs is not only a promotional banner ,it is our life and death map . “SAVE THE LIVES AND REACH THE 17GOALS” |
| A Review of Urban Carbon Emission Reduction Strategies: Integrating Multiple Criteria Decision Making and Life Cycle Assessment Shirin Hosseinipour, Graduate Student, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Email: shirinhosseinipour.env@gmail.com |
| Introduction Lately, weather fluctuations became a greater challenge globally, for human survival and development progress. This is more experienced in under-developed countries, where several socio-economic problems have to be dealt with simultaneously. These countries are the most affected by the impacts of climate change in general, such as extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and food insecurity. In its reports, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been unequivocal about one point—that climatic change poses unacceptable highest level of threat to developing nations with limited capacity for adaptation and economies heavily dependent on agriculture and fisheries (1). However, the need for viable scalable carbon and GHG solutions is now more urgent than ever before as temperatures are set to rise by 4 to 8 degrees Celsius globally by the end of this century. This might pose a threat to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, as well as the environmental sustainability (2). Migration to urban areas in search of improved economic opportunities and living environments is taking place rapidly in various developing countries. The United Nations (UN) estimate that the number of urban populations in developing countries will double by 2050 causing a significant rise in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions [3]. Given that cities are responsible for about 70% global carbon emissions and they hence become key players in this climate change fight (4). The need to comprehensively assess urban carbon emissions, and consequently employing integrated methods e.g. MCDM and LCA, also becomes pressing. These methods draw reference frameworks systemically regarding carbon emissions and its influencing factors which serves as bases of choosing optimal reduction alternatives. Results of a few recent research works stressing on MCDM and LCA must be beneficial to develop urban carbon emission reduction strategies. A study from Climatic Change finds that combining LCA with MCDM provides an appropriate approach to enhance the decision-making processes in urban planning by assessing different sustainability dimensions of the environmental impacts related to different alternatives for urban development, simultaneously. Through this integration, cities can select actions that reduce emissions, while also advancing social equity and economic viability all three are important priorities for cities (5). According to the authors, city and project-based teams without that level of integration may find it difficult developing effective climate strategies since not all stakeholders needs will have been addressed. In another significant contribution from Nature Climate Change, researchers discuss the role of demand-side mitigation solutions in achieving climate goals. The paper emphasizes that understanding non-pecuniary barriers to behavior change is crucial for effective policy interventions aimed at reducing urban carbon footprints (6). This perspective aligns with the need for comprehensive assessment methodologies like MCDM and LCA that consider various stakeholder perspectives. The study indicates that behavioral insights can be effectively integrated into MCDM frameworks to enhance community engagement and acceptance of low-carbon initiatives. Moreover, a recent article in Sustainability, analyzes the effectiveness of different urban carbon reduction strategies through a system dynamics approach. The authors argue that employing MCDM techniques can significantly enhance the robustness of policy recommendations by accounting for multiple criteria and stakeholder preferences (7). This study reinforces the necessity of integrating MCDM and LCA in developing actionable strategies for urban sustainability. The authors also provide case studies illustrating how cities have successfully implemented these methodologies, resulting in measurable reductions in carbon emissions. Additionally, another research explores how cities can leverage MCDM frameworks to assess trade-offs between economic growth and environmental sustainability. The findings suggest that cities adopting these methodologies can better navigate complex decision-making landscapes while ensuring that their strategies are both effective and equitable (8). The paper emphasizes that MCDM can facilitate participatory decision-making processes, allowing stakeholders from various sectors to contribute their perspectives on urban development projects. Furthermore, a review article in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews stresses the importance of LCA for assessing any urban infrastructure projects (8). The authors illustrate that LCA reveals carbon hotspots through the entire lifecycle of urban development, allowing cities to determine both the choice of material alone as well as its end-use energy (9). Which is in line with the overall objective to drive low-carbon cities. In addition, by using the broad scope and flexibility of LCA, policymakers are enabled to consider these long-term implications prior to making decisions in order to achieve more sustainable results. The Journal of Cleaner Production published a systematic review on MCDM and LCA as an integrated method to evaluated sustainability of urban areas. They assert that this ‘mix’ approach allows for an increased transparency and makes decision-making a more trustful process in the eyes of public (10). It uses case studies from numerous cities around the globe where such integration has enabled low-carbon strategies to be implemented effectively. Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) As stated earlier, MCDM is a concept that is widely used in urban planning as a means for the decision maker to examine how the various options in the particular target rank with respect to the many and often conflicting criterions (11). As a given with any urban development, projects aiming to minimize carbon will always involve trade-offs among economic viability, social equity, environmental impact and technical feasibility. For Example, a city may be planning to Implement a new public transport system that is emission-free bus one which costs a lot on the financial end. There are a variety of MCDM models, such as the Decision-making process’s Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations (PROMETHEE) (12). Each of these approaches has a concrete merit depending on the kind of context and the objectives that the decision making process is pursued to. DMC includes all the potential strategies of the stakeholders within the structure in guarantee that the opted for strategies are in line with the aspirations of the people. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Life cycle assessment (LCA), however, extends MCDM by assessing environmental repercussions along the whole product or process cycle from the extraction of raw materials stage, through production, use and finally disposal (13).In urban environments, LCA reveals where emissions are coming from within the system and provides areas of intervention. For instance, a LCA on building materials can show what options have less embodied carbon. As a result, an examination of transportation modes with LCA allows cities to learn about the life-cycle environmental costs for various transport choices enabling informed decision-making that efficiently reduces overall emissions over time. Moreover, LCA can evaluate policies aimed at reducing carbon footprints within cities. By analyzing life cycle impacts of various policy options such as incentives for renewable energy adoption urban planners can make evidence-based decisions aligned with sustainability goals (14). Integrating MCDM and LCA in Urban Planning The integration of MDCM and LCA provides a systematic method for constructing low-carbon neighborhood. When combining these approaches, cities can start to address solutions such as improved transportation systems, energy-efficient buildings, green spaces for carbon sequestration, and sustainable waste management. For example, city planners examining carbon emissions as part of a new urban development opportunity might employ MCDM to assess design options using criteria such as cost-effectiveness and social acceptance while conducting LCA at the project scale & use-phase level for each option to understand potential life cycle impacts on carbon emissions. The combination of both potentially makes for holistic evaluations that account for short-term and long term value. This interaction with communities is fundamental for increasing public awareness and getting them on board in support of new sustainability measures. Residents who engage in urban planning discussions on something as practical as transportation are more likely to support low-carbon options. Public engagement can contribute to greater legitimacy of decision-making, as well as to community empowerment related with the appropriation of the public environment (15). References 1. Wheeler T, Von Braun J. Climate change impacts on global food security. Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):508-13. 2. Fujimori S, Hasegawa T, Takahashi K, Dai H, Liu JY, Ohashi H, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Matsui T, Hijioka Y. Measuring the sustainable development implications of climate change mitigation. Environmental Research Letters. 2020 Aug 1;15(8):085004. 3. Lamb WF, Wiedmann T, Pongratz J, Andrew R, Crippa M, Olivier JG, Wiedenhofer D, Mattioli G, Al Khourdajie A, House J, Pachauri S. A review of trends and drivers of greenhouse gas emissions by sector from 1990 to 2018. Environmental research letters. 2021 Jun 29;16(7):073005. 4. Chen W, Gu T, Fang C, Zeng J. Global urban low-carbon transitions: Multiscale relationship between urban land and carbon emissions. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2023 May 1;100:107076. 5. Angelo AC, Saraiva AB, Clímaco JC, Infante CE, Valle R. Life Cycle Assessment and Multi-criteria Decision Analysis: Selection of a strategy for domestic food waste management in Rio de Janeiro. Journal of cleaner production. 2017 Feb 1;143:744-56. 6. Bahinipati CS, Sirohi RA, Rao SS. Technological Innovations, behavioural interventions, and household energy conservation: Policy insights and lessons. Ecology, Economy and Society-the INSEE Journal. 2022 Jan 1;5(1):63-87. 7. Akbari F, Mahpour A, Ahadi MR. Evaluation of energy consumption and CO 2 emission reduction policies for urban transport with system dynamics approach. Environmental Modeling & Assessment. 2020 Aug;25:505-20. 8. Colapinto C, Jayaraman R, Ben Abdelaziz F, La Torre D. Environmental sustainability and multifaceted development: multi-criteria decision models with applications. Annals of Operations Research. 2020 Oct;293(2):405-32. 9. Sharma A, Saxena A, Sethi M, Shree V. Life cycle assessment of buildings: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2011 Jan 1;15(1):871-5. 10. Journal of Cleaner Production. Integrating Multi-Criteria Decision Making with Life Cycle Assessment: A Systematic Review. 11. Ali-Toudert F, Ji L, Fährmann L, Czempik S. Comprehensive assessment method for sustainable urban development (CAMSUD)-a new multi-criteria system for planning, evaluation and decision-making. Progress in Planning. 2020 Aug 1;140:100430. 12. Mosadeghi R, Warnken J, Tomlinson R, Mirfenderesk H. Comparison of Fuzzy-AHP and AHP in a spatial multi-criteria decision making model for urban land-use planning. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. 2015 Jan 1;49:54-65. 13. Mirabella N, Allacker K, Sala S. Current trends and limitations of life cycle assessment applied to the urban scale: critical analysis and review of selected literature. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 2019 Jul 1;24:1174-93. 14. Trovato MR, Nocera F, Giuffrida S. Life-cycle assessment and monetary measurements for the carbon footprint reduction of public buildings. Sustainability. 2020 Apr 23;12(8):3460. 15. Rock MJ, Degeling C, Graham TM, Toohey AM, Rault D, McCormack GR. Public engagement and community participation in governing urban parks: A case study in changing and implementing a policy addressing off-leash dogs. Critical Public Health. 2016 Oct 19;26(5):588-601. |
| The Important of Social Inclusion in Somaliland Niama Gedi, Ambassador of Sustainability, Somaliland |
| Along with other social issues that have existed within the Somali community, social exclusion becomes one of the important problems that create conflicts. Some clans are not taken into consideration in the government decisions and social activities because they are viewed as less compared to others. Minorities are not the only group facing this problem. Women are also excluded from the parliament house. In this article I am going to discuss the importance of social inclusion for these two groups; women and minority groups. The minority groups in the Somali community, who are estimated as one third of the Somali people(approximately 2,000,000), are facing a huge challenge in getting their basic rights. Somaliland elections is clan based system were major clans have the power to decide who will be the next president. This means that minorities can’t be elected or have equal seats at the decision making table. Social segregation of these ethnic groups made them face much exclusion in jobs, settlements and education.. etc. In fact, the recent situation of Covid-19 affected these groups the most due to their vulnerability. There has been a progress in gender equality in Somaliland for the last ten years, yet women are facing discrimination in jobs and politics.They are paid less compared to men. Culturally, Somali women’s role outside of their home is viewed as invaluable. They can’t have seats in the parliament house or even quota.Even though community elders refuse women political participation, few discussions are taking place on this regard. Exclusion of women from all decision making processes both on governmental and societal level made Somali women’s voice weak. Their issues such as rape and gender based violence are always overlooked. Social inclusion can be implemented in many ways. We can initiate awareness programs for the community regarding the rights of both women and minority groups in political participation and in other aspects of life. Somali women are becoming stronger because of education; they are activist, business owners and social entrepreneurs. To achieve gender equality we need an actual implementation of SDG4. We need to establish quota for women in parliament. Social equality is so important because one of the main causes of the civil war was preventing some clans from practicing their political rights. The government can also create programs for minorities such as skills training and facilitate access to education, create jobs as well as better settlement. In my conclusion, social development should be free from any discrimination and include every member of the community. |
| Web-Based Teaching to Promote Sustainability Dr. Sanghamitra Adhya* Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Kalyani Mahavidyalaya, West Bengal, India Email: s.adhya75@gmail.com |
| Technologies can improve teaching environments in all fields of education, increase learning skills of students, reduce education expenses and improve the learning environment for students. The use of internet as a learning medium is attractive, accessible from anywhere and anytime in the world. During crisis period internet is a basic necessity for life. The educational systems around the world have witnessed the greatest shift towards online learning as countries are on lockdown condition in 2020 due to the coronavirus outbreak. The teaching methods, digital skills, virtual classroom management and developments are changing very rapidly through internet. It is especially important at this point of time to reach as many students as possible and teachers are continuously updating their content standards for all subjects as well as implementing new web-based assessments. There is great potential in alternative teaching and learning methods. The Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), Project Management Professional (PMP) Certification and webinars are popular approaches for teaching online. The emergence of information technologies, creation of simulated situation and virtual explorations opened a new horizon for teaching and learning. The application of Geographical Information System (GIS) helps to take decision in many fields of education. The last twenty years has generally seen a steady expansion of web-based learning environment for Geographic education. The design, development of online teaching in Geography can create geospatial revolution. The application of geospatial mapping in public health could be traced back to 1854 when the water source responsible for the cholera outbreak in London was identified using Geographical Information System (GIS) by an English Physician John Snow. In the present time, the application of geospatial mapping has extended to various other aspects of public health like disease surveillance, spatial epidemiology, child immunization tracking and health policy research. Collection and analysis of geospatial data in project evaluation can be done by linking multiple geospatial data points like location of the study area, chronological order of land cover changes from academic literature and the influence of external factors like forest fire, expansion of settlement, agricultural production etc. Pixels are the main units of analysis representing the Earth’s surface in digital images. The mapping tools enable the spatial representation of the earth’s surface features and its relationship to natural and built environments strengthening the planning capabilities in all spheres. Geospatial data helps to identify evaluation of questions like the effectiveness of web-based projects in data analysis and the heterogeneity in the effectiveness of the secondary data-based project. The information on the web is virtually platform independent, unequalled in its capacity to reach many users at minimal costs. The web puts new dimension into the map as a cartographic metaphor. Digital maps, presented in a web browser allow for the dynamic and interactive dissemination of geospatial data. They offer new mapping techniques compared to traditional printed maps. Web maps can be classified into two main categories, static and dynamic web maps. In a technological era, television, electronic toys, video games, mobile, computer, internet influence in receiving and processing information about geography through multi-sensory sources. As a result, field-based teaching techniques dramatically changed due to decreasing field survey in nature. Geographical websites, social-networking sites, Google Earth, Google Maps, YouTube videos, three-dimensional stereoscopic video movies, photo sharing sites like Panorama Studio, Flicker, Picasa, documents, images, graphs, facts and figures to teach and learn geography online. An emergency planning promotes safety awareness and shows the education institutional commitment to the stake holders- students, teachers, guardians and communities. Preplanning is necessary for emergency situation. An urgent need for rapid decisions, shortage of time, lack of resources and trained personnel can lead to chaos during an emergency. Covid-19 has forced educational institutions across the world to suspend physical classrooms and shift to online classes. There are many mobile learning apps which can be part of human life and add fun to the learning. The following lessons can be followed in online teaching: Utilization of open data resources and tools Using of geospatial methods within mixed method approaches Coordination among multidisciplinary teams Dynamic learning and operating skills in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) Live online programs A technologically sound educator can teach the students and digitally record the whole session. Then he/she can upload it to the web and add daily supplementary videos, notes, comments and feedback from students over a period of time. It would be available online and could be viewed by anyone who wants to learn. The national digital library can be formed in this way. The location independent e-learning is a well-rounded and effective educational practice needed for the capacity building of young students especially during crisis period. It will develop skills that will drive their employability, productivity, health and wellbeing in the coming years and ensure the overall progress of education. REFERENCES https://academia.edu/44064190/TOKYO_SUMMIT_2/ https://archive.org/ https://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/bhuvan_links.php https://bookboon.com/ https://earth.google.com/web/ https://edtechreview.in/news/2133-geography-apps https://elearning.iirs.gov.in/ https://europeanevaluation.org/ https://geospatialworldforum.org/ https://nagt.org/index.html |
| 4-PEACE THROUGH THE COLLECTIVE EFFORTS AND RENAISSANCE OF APPROPRIATE THOUGHTS Ms Suchismita Ghoshal GD Goenka University, India Email: ghoshalsuchismita019@gmail.com |
| Peace is one of the broadly spoken topics in the history of humankind. The simple concept of establishment of societal companionship and fraternity against cruelty and massacres is called peace. Fear, violence, dependency etc turn us into fragile living beings and eventually make this world an unbearable place to live. Conflicts between two nations, groups or among some entities not only lessens the harmony of the situation we live in but also the cracks of destruction are easily noticeable on the walls of the entities engaged in feuds. Since the past few decades some peacemaking and diplomatic organizations have indulged in establishing peace worldwide and they have emerged in terms of customizing some ethical rules to avoid bloodshed games, let it be a civil war or wars between countries. For example, Globally renowned and authentic organization ‘UN’ has a separate internationally functional segment to look after the issues of conflict and they are in charge of spreading peace and neutralizing the effects of war-prone groups or countries. While we talk about peace among nations , it is also important to have an in-depth insight of the mental peace which in general means the tranquilizing state one achieves through some procedures of consistency and particulation removing the dirt, stimulative thoughts, toxicity and restlessness from one’s mind. Through regular meditation, self-possession, controlling extravagant emotions and a wholesome exercise of self-love everyday, we can eventually achieve the state where we find ourselves at peace. We can think sharply, work straight and without hesitation and finally will be rewarded with the charm of life. Let it be escalated at a larger meaning or for a self-centric one, peace is a collective effort, complementary done by the endeavourers related to it. Peace at any cost is necessary to absorb the positivity and the state of euphorically progressiveness into our cells while exfoliating the contamination and further spread of negativities. Reuniting for the noble cause of convention of sustainability through peace and prosperity, our collective efforts will ascertingly be counted as justifiable if we choose to contribute harmoniously through the medium of our own expression for the integral betterment of the world’s health, let the medium be anything like art, culture, literature, speaking abilities, graffitis, placards, science etc that can leave a prolonged impression in the minds to make a renaissance. We all shall unitedly and unequivocally be destined to rule through the implementation of peace, love, freedom and friendship. |
| Global Peace Sustainability Dr.Ambika Hanchate , SDG Global ambassador -INDIA Chapter Email : ambikahanchate55@gmail.com Web: ambikahanchate.co.in |
| When the globe become residential place , Peaceful points will be inserted as breath . May it becomes a faith , chanting soul and most admirable routine work job to our life like how the mother teach to us to live in discipline ,cleanness ,giving response with respectfully to elders ,be in silent while do not enter in wrong karmas Etc ,same here also goes as it is for keeping sustainability peace ,sustain greetings for everyone ,pray for needy people ,help to indeed one in critical situations ,be a moral supporter, guider ,innovator for every tough task holder on the every issuing situation because being a enlighten human being ,being a humanity minded one and soft skill personality person only can do the best things for making someone’s life hood .And he only could be able to meet the all layers overcome any difficulties in the life .And that’s the point to behold here yes , we can do anything with our possibilities will make the right way for every stepping out person personal life on this globe and for to globe in where we are staying ..Except these , what we can accept more in the globe ? A confidential life will give you a joyful journey to bring a a lot happiness in a life moments .A peaceful mind can be state your identity with believing you more in emotions that what you had and what to be hold in next way of life , A spiritual soul will get perfect clarity to spread the awareness about how to keep peace and sustain it in everywhere it’s all pinching giving a light clue that we are rotating around us as freshness air for greenery life . So, always think twice before spreading any work . sketch those things on a paper ,practice it ,discuss this with your beloved one ,get an idea from educationists or any mentor related to the field ,just move with your steps as you can . surely everyone will listen and it creates a nice journey along with more likely souls like you . As scientific theory and my belief too is – everyone is connected in this universe by their thinking and actions , at the same time same emotions and works to attract each other’s so that in the globe what we are trying to be sustain about which relevant content surely it will .So take a oath and go towards that .Either it is educational sustainability, Greenery -Go Green project ,Build employment system -in skills , making Startup in young minds programming for global peace ,humanity or environment, friendly entrepreneur etc .Whatever you can do as your freedom with understanding concept but the efforts and vision should be contribute regarding sustainability .Because what we have that only we can able to put in inputs for the society by the reflection as results of cause and effects will be reflected on everywhere as sharp rays .Then why to late ,get your pen and paper ,give a few exercise to your mind ,start to the work as volunteer to SDG work and spread positive vibes. With my experience : as a blogger I continually yield my mind to give always possibilities in freshness on educational base social awareness . And lettering to people through my posts , articles and short writings .Hope it will connect to those SDG workers who can shine more on this . because suitability doesn’t get meaning without togetherness .It needs sharing knowledge ,experience ,ideas ,creativity with putting all inputs resources which are available from so far. Being a Volunteer I love to do this job and I invite all youngsters as you can join your hands and say All for one and one for all . Overview : Today ,on 16th september 2021 ,the globe is celebrating world ozone day. On this day we should ask a self questionnaire ,for what the reason , what do we have to do ?How can we protect our lives with every world .What role we have to play for generations etc . As a responsible person how should I deal with the environment and what society really needs help from us ? It’s assured , It doesn’t ask any costly gifts like us for daily routine instead that it’s stretching hands to grow the ecosystem balancing .Enough . ” Nature never had any wishes without safety for creature , Globe never asked any help without caring the home of ecosystem” – Hence , be a good human being ,think twice for doing anything before to hurt or damage on peace ,greenery ,unemployment generate ,poverty Etc .And never forget the mantra what we are today it’s the results of our yesterday’s karma (work ) ,So ,Think better do well ! Ease life with peace sustainably and spread the Hi-Vibes of SDG .It’s the matter for globe peace . |
| The actions on Zero Hunger Ambika Hanchate , SDG Global ambassador -INDIA Chapter Email : ambikahanchate55@gmail.com |
| According the database of world population projection is 7,874,965,825 (7.7 billion) presently. That means yearly it has been change by nearly 1.05% and As per world population clock the current crude birth rate of the world is 18.9 per 1000 population and death rate is 7.5 per 1000 population .Just imagine how rapidly our pollution is growing in which speedy rate ? Can you imagine, in total, how much food we have to create ? Total how much land we should yield for agriculture? In those lands how much it has to be good for yielding organically ? What about the content using for land fertilisation because nowadays many place agro based lands are polluted due to chemical fertilise using so these type many questions will be arise in front us when we think about the SDG related parts of work .Of course ,it’s a big topic, need many expertise ,manageable and succeeded persons to discuss for each other before doing or taking actions in beginning .As youths we have a tones of capabilities ,abilities and many sorts of skills to reach any giant steps in life .But without mentor might be it quite difficult to reach probable destination in the way of going . So that UN general assembly were set up this 17 SDG activities on 2015 with interlinked of whatever human basic related fundamental rights with having mottos ,agendas and perfection action plans with subordinate different bodies .Under this UN, many sub body commuters are working like food security committee, security council ,Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Secretariat. Donations for food ,child care by UNESCO Etc ..And across the universe uncountable number of youngsters ,adults ,educationists ,environmentalists so and so people are connected to do anything as alike make the earth free from all the 17 SDG issues as well .Then why to late take the oath as volunteer and promise self as possible we can act towards it and will do that her as best as our knowledge and those only become a real heroes in my point of view . And the Actions are in my mind circle To making Null of poverty and zero hunger ,many institutions conducting campaigns ,in the college and high grade schools teaching staff are providing special knowledge ,giving assignments as physical action by fund raise ,contest, helping hand actions ,dramas etc including cultural activities .These all will help them how to interact with society and what currently happening at our surrounds and the globe .Only books or syllabus can’t give fully knowledge sometime extra- curricular activities also will refer us to get ready for future steps . And the second step is ; in many sides many cultural and social activities will conducted by huge corporate organizations, societal institutions ,rich colonial group wise ,or any business background people’s will conduct the programmes whoever they are , I request them please stop to buy bulk amount of crackers ,cakes ,lightings , music ,dance shows ,don’t know in how many types they are wasting money on versatile arranging programmes for every single parties ,I am really not saying don’t do these all and I have no right but as a responsible thinker and citizen of this society I just praying you as request please if possible cancelled / avoid sound populations ,power wastage ,water pollution ,peaceless activities instead that start to arrange a food activities to them who really need food ,donate that amount for really indeed places , celebrate your parties ,wishes ,gifts with them who are standing without food on this earth .Show your humanity your richness by the quality work ,I am sure it will give a big lesson to teach someone who is living near your home ,colony and upcoming generations also will follow these drapes as ritual . One small step can create a big historical day in the earth . Third actions : At home ,yes .This must be start today onwards at home by the parents .Which students will get more pocket money from their working parents / uncle / aunt etc ..They should prepare themselves to donate each day a little amount at school donate box through school management .It will come for useful to grant fund for needy people .It’s really useful and benefitted all the time . Fourth actions : tag the board in every hotel , restaurants, street food shops as “Don’t waste food ,for wasting penalty for double change as you got per plate ” these actions have to come from the state govt / Central govt. When it will be legal then only people will become mentally super . Fifth and final one actions : it’s very light and simple .Everyday before to eat serving plate ,in front of the meal pray for everyone alike “God i am praying you please provide the same food or whatever you can for every hungry person” keep your blessings on every poverty person” .In praying system what I believed and religious thought too will say that prayer never will lose anything if such a true heart make the prays .One pray equal to another meal for someone .” So make it a habit from today onwards . Conclusion :No one thought will go failure without leaving its mark as identity on remarkable actions alike without doing any efforts ,hard work with smart /intelligence a small to small actions nothing we can see the changes in world . Hence ,being a human ,being human ,being educated ,being a sophisticated civilized ,pour your best actions on No poverty and turn it into Zero hunger . “When we come to know the reality and make it possibility to resolve all generation to generation critical issues of SDGs then only the earth becomes free from SDGs . |
| Climate Crisis And Its Solution – Pakistan’s Perspective Wardah Malik Email: wardahrazzaq35@gmail.com |
| The global climate crisis poses a number of threats to the well-being and prosperity of the people of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The country already witnesses several climate- and weather-related natural hazards due to its geographical diversity and a varied tropical, continental climate (hot summers and cold winters). Pakistan experiences recurring heatwaves and droughts, riverine and flash floods, landslides, and sea storms or cyclones. Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of these events as well as exacerbate people’s vulnerabilities. It is projected that there will be significant increase in temperature across the country and especially in the snow-covered mountainous north, which will lead to faster glacial melt. Heatwaves are likely to become more frequent and intense all over Pakistan, and the number of ‘hot’ days and nights are expected to increase significantly. Changes in rainfall trends are not clear, though there may be some shifting of seasons (peak summer rain shifting to August and peak winter rains shifting to March). Extremely wet days are likely to increase across all of the country except in Sindh Province, which will experience more dry days (leading to the increased frequency of drought). Climate change has the potential to trigger wide-ranging and strong negative feedback loops between livelihoods and health. Pakistan is a low-middle income country that remains predominantly agrarian, although it is progressively industrializing its economy and over one-third of the population now resides in towns and cities. The country relies heavily on its climate sensitive land, water and forest resources for livelihoods and food security. Agriculture remains an important source of employment for 42 per cent of the population. Almost 90 per cent of agriculture depends on irrigation from the glacier-fed River Indus and its tributaries. Climate change has hastened the pace of glacier melt, which will increase the incidence of glacier lake outburst floods (GLOF) and flash floods downstream. Faster glacier melt, higher temperatures, shifting seasons and erratic rainfall patterns are all altering the flow of the River Indus and this will increasingly affect agriculture-related activities, food production and livelihoods. Already, 39 percent of the population had experienced multidimensional poverty. Impacts to health (notably via heat exhaustion, malnutrition, the emergence of vector-borne diseases such as Dengue Fever, and the increased burden of waterborne diseases) will reduce people’s ability to work and earn a livelihood. Migrants, internally displaced persons, and religious and ethnic minorities will be highly vulnerable as they are often marginalized to hazard-prone land and face barriers to accessing healthcare, including financial barriers due to informal employment. Climate change may potentially increase the number of child marriages, premature births and domestic violence. Women and children will also be more vulnerable to malnourishment and malnutrition due to lower food production. |